Noun Clause

            Adalah dependent clause (kelompok kata yang mengandung subject dan verb  namun tidak dapat mengungkapkan suatu pikiran yang utuh) yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Klausa kata benda ini dapat berfungsi sebagai subject maupun object didalam suatu clause atau phrase (kelompok kata yang saling berkaitan namun tidak mengandung unsur subject dan verb) lain.

Karena berfungsi sebagai kata benda, maka dapat digantikan dengan pronoun “it“  (kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan noun yang dapat berupa orang, benda, hewan, tempat, dan konsep abstrak).

            Contoh:

            - I forgot the fact. (noun),

            - I forgot it. (pronoun),

            - I forgot that the fact was very important. (noun clause).

            Noun clause dapat diawali oleh noun clause markers berupa question word, if atau whether, and that.

a.Noun clause berupa Question word

Biasanya ditandai dengan kata :    - what(ever), what (time, kind, day, etc),

                                                           - who(ever),

                                                           - whose,

                                                           - whom(ever),

                                                           - which(ever),

                                                           - where(ever),

                                                           - when(ever),

                                                           - how (long, far, many times, old, etc)

Contoh kalimatnya :

- The class listened carefully what the teacher instructed.

  (Seluruh kelas mendengarkan dengan teliti apa yang guru instruksikan.)

- The kitten followed wherever the woman went.

  (Anak kucing mengikuti kemanapun wanita itu pergi.)

- Many people imagine how many time the man was failed before success.

  (Banyak orang membayangkan berapa kali pria itu gagal sebelum sukses.)

b.if atau wheter

            Yang biasa digunakan untuk kalimat jawaban Yes or No question.

Contoh kalimatnya :

- Where does Andy live?

(Dimana Andy tinggal?)I wonder if he lives in West Jakarta.(Saya pikir dia tinggal di  Jakarta Barat.)

- Is Andy live on Dewi Sartika Street?

(Apakah Andy tinggal di jalan Dewi Sartika?)I don’t know if he live on Dewi Sartika Street or not.

atau

- I don’t know whether or not he lives on Dewi Sartika street.

(Saya tidak tahu jika dia tinggal di jalan Sartika atau tidak.)

c.that

biasanya that-clause untuk mental activity. Berikut daftar verb pada main clause yang biasanya diikuti that-clause : - assume,

- believe,

- discover,

- dream,

- guess,

- hear,

- hope,

- know,

- learn,

- notice,

- predict,

- prove,

- realize,

- suppose,

- suspect,and

- think.

Contoh kalimatnya :

- I think that the group will arrive in an hour.

  (Saya pikir rombongan itu akan tiba dalam satu jam.)

- Many people proved that the man was a big liar.

  (Banyak orang membuktikan bahwa pria itu pembohong besar.)

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.Sedangkan

Indirect Speech/ Reported Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-kata si pembicara kepada orang lain.Jadi, Indirect Speech digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.

Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :

1.Statement (pernyataan)

2.Command (perintah)

3.Question (pertanyaan)

1.STATEMENT (Pernyataan)

Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :

He said

He said to me                    that + reported words

He told me

Example :

1.Amy  told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”

2.My Uncle said “I am going out of town tomorrow”

3.Amy told Budi “my father warned me last night”

Menjadi :

1.Amy told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.

2.My Uncle said that he was going out of town the following day.

3.Amy told John that her father had arned her the night before.

2.COMMAND (Perintah)

Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :

1. Positive Command (Perintah Positive)

Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :

to + infinitive

He asked me

He told me

Example :

-  He asked me “Open the dor”                       menjadi            - He asked me to open the dor.

-  Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”             menjadi            -  Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.

2. Negative Command(Perintah Negative)

Dalam  perintah negatif kita tambahkan not  to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.

Example :

- Amy told Budi “Don’t wait for me”             menjadi            - Mary told John not to wait for her.

-  I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”       menjadi            -  I told him not to mention it to anyone.

3.QUESTION (Pertanyaan)

Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya 5W+1H ( Where, When, Why, What, Who, How), dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :

Example :

- The man asked me : “Where do school ?”

- The man asked me where I school.

-  John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”

-  John asked Mary why she got angry with him.

Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.

Example :

- The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near  here?”

- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.

-  The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”

-  The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

# Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian

Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :

- To be & Auxiliary Verbs

Direct                           -                       Indirect

Am/is/are                      -                       was/were

Shall/will                       -                       should/would

Can                              -                       could

May                             -                       might

Must                            -                       might

Have/has to                  -                       had to

Ought to                       -                       had to

- Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)

Direct                           -                       Indirect

Now                             -                       then

Tomorrow                    -                       the following day

next week                    -                       the following week

tonight                         -                       that night

today                           -                       that day

yesterday                     -                       the day before

last night                      -                       the night before

last week                      -                       the week before, the precious week

here                             -                       there

this                               -                       that

these                            -                       that

- Tenses

Direct                                      -                       Indirect

Simple present                         -                       simple past

Present perfect                        -                        past perfect

Present continuous                   -                       past continous

Present perfect continous         -                       past perfect continous

Simple future                           -                       past future

Active and Passive Voice

Ø  Active Voice

            Adalah kalimat yang subjeknya (S) melakukan pekerjaan.

Contoh:

            Ismail eats mango. (Azam makan mangga)

               S   + V + O

Note  : Ismail = S (melakukan pekerjaan makan)

Ø  Passive Voice

            Adalah kalimat yang subjeknya (S) dikenai pekerjaan.

Contoh:

            Mango is eaten by Ismail. (mangga dimakan Azam)

                S     +    V

Note : Mango = S (dikenai pekerjaan makan)

            Kalimat Active  dapat di ubah menjadi kalimat Pessive dan sebaliknya.Tetapi kalimat yang dapat diubah dari aktif menjadi pasif adalah kalimat transitif (kalimat yang memiliki objek).

Contoh:

Active             : Mary helped the boy.

                            S  +       V    +   O

Passive            : The boy was helped by Mary.

                            S  +       V

Pola dasar kalimat aktif dan pasif

Perhatikan perubahan tenses dari kalimat aktif ke pasif di bawah ini:

A.‘By’ digunakan dalam kalimat pasif apabila pelaku pekerjaan perlu untuk diketahui.

Contoh:

            ‘Life on the Mississippi’ was written by Mark Twain.

B.Kalimat pasif digunakan apabila tidak perlu diketahui pelaku pekerjaan.

Contoh:

            The streets are swept every day.

C.Kalimat pasif digunakan apabila kita tidak tahu atau lupa siapa pelaku pekerjaan.

Contoh:

            The professor was murdered.

D.Kalimat pasif digunakan apabila subject pada kalimat aktif adalah ‘people’.

Contoh:

            He is suspected of receiving stolen goods. (People suspect him of …)

E.Kalimat pasif digunakan apabila subject pada kalimat aktif berupa indefinite pronoun ‘one’.

Contoh:

            Active             : One sees this sort of advertisement everywhere.

            Passive            : This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.

F.Kalimat pasif digunakan apabila kita lebih tertarik dengan pekerjaan (action) daripada siapa pelaku pekerjaan.

Cotoh:

            A new public library is being built.

G.Kalimat pasif dapat digunakan untuk menghindari kalimat yang janggal atau tidak sesuai dengan tata bahasa.

Contoh:

            When he arrived home a detective arrested him.

            Akan lebih baik           :

            When he arrived home he was arrested (by a detective).

Contoh kalimat Active ke Passive dengan menggunakan tenses :

            Active                                                                                                             Passive

v  Simp;e Present

- She drivers the car.                                 Menjadi                      - The car is drivern by her.

v  Simple Past

- She drove the car.                                   Menjadi                       - The car was driven by her.

v  Simple Future

- She will drive the car.                               Menjadi                       - The car will be driven by her.

v  Present Continous

- She is driving the car.                               Menjadi                       - The car is being driven by her.

v  Past Continous

- She was driving the car.                           Menjadi                       - The car was being driven by her.

v  Future Continous

- She will be driving the car.                       Menjadi                       - The car will be being driven by her.

v  Present Perfect

- She has driven the car.                             Menjadi                       - The car has been driven by her.

v  Past Perfect

- She had driven the car.                             Menjadi                       - The car had been driven by her.

v  Future Perfect

- She will have driven the car.                     Menjadi                       - The car will have been driven by her.

v  Present Perfect Continous

- She has been driving the car.                     Menjadi                       - The car has been being driven by her.

v  Past Perfect Continous

- She had been driving the car.                    Menjadi                       - The car had been being driven by her.

Coditional Sentence

Definition Conditional sentence

A.Definition

            Conditonal Sentence means Sentences that express our wish in the future and past. The differences between our wish in future and past is not about the time but it's about our wish it self.

If we have a wish and we hope that our wish will happen someday or maybe today so we can express our wish in simple present and future tense.

            But, if we have a wish that we express it in the past and it actually didn't happen, so we use simple past, past perfect, past future, and past perfect future.Conditional Sentences is also called If Clause.

The  Formula :

Tipe	Induk kalimat	Anak kalimat
Pertama	Will + verb  1	Present tense(S+V 1+O)
Kedua	Would + verb 1	Past tense(S+V 2+O)
Ketiga	Would have + verb 3	Past perfect tense(S+have+V 3+o)

B. Types Of Conditional Sentences

Type 1 : Future Conditional

            In this type, we can express our wish that we hope it will happen today or maybe someday. Because it doesn't happen yet so we hope it become real.

The Formula :

- Subject + Simple Future + IF + Subject + Simple Present

or

- IF + Subject + Simple Present + Subject + Simple Future ( affirmative sentences )

or

- Subject + Simple Future + Unless + Subject +  Simple Present ( negative sentences )

Example  :

            - I will buy car if  I have a lot money  to buy.

            - If I have a lot of money, I’ll buy a car.

            - I will pass the examination  if i study hard.

Type 2 : Present Conditional

            This modality is used to explain that a job or activity at this time may be carried out if the conditions are met.

The Formula :

- If + Subject + Simple Past + bSubject + Simple Past Future

or

- Subject + Simple Past Future + If + Subject + Simple Past ( affirmative sentences )

or

- Subject + Simple Past Future + Unless + Sybject + Simple past ( negative sentences )

Note : For using be, all,subjects must put " were "

Example :

- If I were a manager, I would manage everything in the company well. So it means that

  I am not a manager so I will not manage everything in the company well.

- If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky. but I am not a bird

- She would help you if you told her the truth. But in fact he does not help you because you   did not tell the truth

Type 3 : Past Conditional

            This represents a modality that is not likely to happen because of events already passed. This type usually consists of remorse for what has happened in the past.

The Formula :

If + Subject + Past Perfect + Subject + Past Future Perfect

or

Subject + Past Future Perfect + If + Subject + Pat Perfect ( affirmative sentences )

or

Subject + Past Future Perfect + Unless + Subject + Past Perfect ( negative sentences )

Note : In this type be for all subjects have to be changed to " been "

Example :

-  If we had known you were there last year, we would have written you a letter.So it means I   did not know you were there last year.

- He could have come here if you had invited him yesterday. But the fact he did not come yesterday because you did’t invite.

- They might have employed me if I had had work experience.So it means that I do not have experience so they do not hire me.